Independent Scholarly Studies
Evaluation of Comparative Repair Methods for Stone
Stone masonry, once popular in 19th and early 20th century America, was gradually replaced by concrete and other modern building materials. Many Pennsylvania quarries…
Bond-strength performance of hydraulic lime and natural cement mortared sandstone masonry
Flexural bond strength is an important performance characteristic of masonry structures yet there is no guidance for lime-mortared stonework in design codes of practice. This study…
A multidisciplinary approach for the structural restoration of the Katholikon of Dafni Monastery in Attica Greece
The Katholikon of the Byzantine monastery of Dafni (world heritage list of UNESCO), is one of the most important monuments of middle Byzantine period, famous worldwide for its…
Risks associated with the use of GGBS for the manufacturing of Artificial Hydraulic Limes
GGBS (Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag), is a by-product of the iron and steel-making industry. The iron ore, and by consequence, the slag is not a pure product. It…
Design and evaluation of hydraulic lime grouts for the strengthening of stone masonry historic structures
The present paper discusses an experimental procedure realized in order to design hydraulic lime based grouts adequate for the strengthening of stone masonry…
A study of the workability of natural hydraulic lime mortars and its influence on strength
Lime mortars are currently used for both repairs to historic buildings and new construction. An important mortar property is workability. Lime mortars are often described…
Comparative Laboratory Evaluation of Conservation Mortars
A program of laboratory research was begun in mid-2009 by Integrated Conservation Resources, Inc. (ICR), to evaluate various types of binders for conservation mortars. The rationale…
Self Healing Capacity of Lime Mortars
Lime mortars have, up to a certain extent, a self-healing capacity which may contribute to their durability. Self-healing in lime mortars consists of a process of dissolution, transport and…
Decay Mechanisms and Salts
Traditionally lime was the only binder used for building. This dominance prevailed until the early 19th Century, and although the lime was attained in a myriad of types the…
Lime and its Place in the 21st Century
Lime is a long-established material in mortars and renders, with its use dating back centuries. Its properties are time-tested, both in-situ and in laboratories. However, lime’s…
Selecting Mortar for Historic Preservation Projects
To an architectural preservationist, the worst scenario imaginable is a masonry wall where the mortar joints surround deep impressions, pockets of eroded brick or stone. This indicates…
How hot are hot-lime-mixed mortars? A review
It is believed that many historic mortars were made using hot-lime mixing techniques. They are back in use today, and their good qualities are often praised, including being more…
Permeability and Permeance: Vapor barriers and porous materials
Mortar made from our natural hydraulic lime (NHL 5, with twice its volume of sand) has vapor-exchange properties listed as 0.55 gram of air per hour, per square meter, per mmHg…
The Technology and Use of Hydraulic Lime
As a nation, we have largely forgotten about hydraulic lime in our building industry. The revival of interest in non-hydraulic lime putty which received its main stimulus from building…
Water Reduction Studies of Natural Hydraulic Lime
Mixes of NHL 3.5 were made to establish a control flow diameter. Casecrete SL was later added to formulation at 1% against dry NHL. Product was mixed for 4 minutes in Hobart Mixer. Finished…
Mineralogy of Binders and the Effects of Free Lime Content and Cement Addition in Lime Mortars
Is industrial hemp a sustainable construction material?
This report was written as an elective study assignment in the 7th semester Constructing architect degree course. My work is a response to the environmental problems we…
Phillipsite and Al-tobermorite mineral cements produced through low-temperature water-rock reactions in Roman marine concrete
Pozzolanic reaction of volcanic ash with hydrated lime is thought to dominate the cementing fabric and durability of 2000-year-old Roman harbor concrete. Pliny the Elder, however, in…
Saint-Astier® NHL 5 plasters and mortars for high salt saturated historical buildings
Israel is a small country with at least four differing climates, varying topography and geology and a built heritage starting at the first dwellings of Man on his way out of Africa until…
The Influence of Fire and Water on Lime, Natural Hydraulic Lime, and Cement-Lime Mortars
Inspired by the devastating fire of the Notre Dame cathedral, this thesis examines lime, natural hydraulic lime, and cement-lime mortars after exposure to fire-level temperatures…
